Monday 26 October 2009

INSTINCTS OF THE HONEY BEE


Because honey is such an important substance in human nutrition (we’ll go into this in some detail later on), and bees have been cultivated for so many centuries because of that honey, there exists a considerable body of knowledge about their behaviour. It is quite impossible to do full justice to them in this short article.


That knowledge has accumulated from the experience of apiculturists, and from very many scientific experiments. The following account is drawn from several major authorities on bees.


Instincts


In this account, you will see just how remarkable a thing instinct is. At every step of this fascinating way, you need to ask the question:


How did an insect, with a brain not too much bigger than a pinhead, ever figure out how to do this? Darwin’s answer would probably be ‘by little steps’. The modern evolutionist’s answer will be : Oh, these branched off from their ancestors 285 million years ago. Our computer programs tell us..




http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/sbeefig6.jpg


There, isn’t that marvellous? Looking at that diagram, you would be less than human if you failed to be impressed with the certainty it exhibits. The combination of large names, and the apparent exactness of the diagram, create a powerful impression of correctness.


Unfortunately, the facts are against the connecting lines, ESPECIALLY AT THE START OF THE DIAGRAM RIGHT AT THE TOP LEFT HAND CORNER.


THERE IS NO COMMON ANCESTOR KNOWN, as the fossil record shows very plainly.


Fossil Bees


The very first fossils of bees are identifiably bees. There is no question about this, and here is a picture of one of the first bee fossils.


Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15418131/

It is unquestionably a bee, and there is no question about it having evolved from anything else.


Of course there are silly suggestions about ‘evolution from wasps’, but they are quite necessarily vague about it, because the wasps show no sign of having evolved from anything else either. (See the article on the Eumenes Wasp in this series on this blog).


Here is Cornell University on the point:


“The fossil record of bees is relatively poor. Alexander & Michener (1995) commented as follows: "the fossil record [of bees] is extraordinarily fragmentary and biased toward taxa that collect resin for nesting purposes, and thus occasionally are trapped in it and fossilized in amber." The vast majority of bee fossils are in amber, and virtually all are Eocene or later in age (Rasnitsyn & Michener 1991, Engel 2001b).


Among the most important fossil bees is the presumed oldest fossil bee, Cretotrigona prisca, (here’s an artist’s impression of how it looked) from New Jersey amber (Michener and Grimaldi 1988a,b; Engel 2000a).


[In the original paper, it is described as a worker bee, indicating that the social stratification of bees was already in existence].


While initially presumed to be 80 Ma in age (Michener & Grimaldi 1988a, b), it has since been estimated to be 70 Ma (Grimaldi 1999) and 65 Ma (Engel 2000a) in age. Furthermore, whether it is Cretaceous at all has been questioned by Rasnitsyn & Michener (1991). If this fossil is indeed from the late Cretaceous, it suggests that, far from being in their earliest stages of evolution, the bees had already undergone significant diversification by the end of the Cretaceous.


Overall, considering the bee and spheciform fossil record one is forced to the conclusion that the fossils currently available significantly underestimate the age of both these groups.”


The wasps, from the Lower Cretaceous, are also easily identifiable as wasps, and it is a useful exercise to look at this link, where you will see that every specimen, is as exactly and easily identifiable as those of today. http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/Hymenoptera/hymenoptera_fossil_gallery.htm


So it is curious to hear the suggestion that bees evolved from wasps.


The differences are enormous:

1 Wasps do not make honey, bees do.

2 Wasps do not collect pollen and nectar. Bees do.

3 Wasps make nests out of paper. Bees make nests out of wax. The two chemicals are entirely distinct, require entirely different biochemical processes in their manufacture, and have nothing in common.

The wasp chews timber into a pulp and makes the paper that way. Bees have special glands under their abdomen which produce the wax.


4 Wasps chew food. Bees lap nectar


5 Wasps can sting more than once. Bees can only sting once and then die.


6 Wasps don't store food in their nests. Bees do


7 Wasps don't swarm. Bees do.


Bees' Wings

If you look at the fossil of the bee (above) you will note that it has wings. If you look here again http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/Hymenoptera/hymenoptera_fossil_gallery.htm


you will notice that the wasps also had wings.


Now these are among the VERY EARLIEST BEES AND WASPS found. And that presents evolutionists with some dire problems.


Assuming they could fly (which seems reasonable, given their wings, similar as they are to today’s bees) then:


Flying is a tremendous skill to have, once you’ve got it. But how does a bee, with a brain, as we have said, about as big as a pinhead,

a. get its wings (remember, there are two pairs!) and


b. learn how to use them? and


c. figure out how to get that information into its genome?


There are no sensible answers to those questions. The physical equipment is difficult enough to account for in evolutionary terms, but the skills and the instincts? And getting the information into the genome?


Evolution cannot account for the origin of these very basic questions, and therefore fails, and should be rejected as a theory of origins.




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